Ubuchwephesha obuqolileyo: amandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi kunye ne-geothermal

Eyona ndlela indala yokuvelisa umbane kwimithombo ehlaziyekayoumbane ngamanzi(amaziko ombane okuqala asusela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800) kwaye ikwalelona likhulu, linomthamo ofakelweyo wehlabathi omkhulu kunowayo yonke eminye imithombo ehlaziyekayo idityanisiwe.Le yitekhnoloji evuthiweyo engazibolekiyo kwiinguqu eziphazamisayo, kodwa itekhnoloji entsha inokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezityalo kunye nokwandisa ubomi bazo.Ngaphezu koko, kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi amazwe asakhasayo, kusekho amathuba amaninzi okukhula ukuze kusetyenziswe imithombo yamanzi eli lizwe.

Amandla obushushu bobunye ubugcisa obukhoyo, obususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.Isityalo sokuqala sehlabathi, eLarderello eTuscany, savulwa ngo-2011 kodwa iimfuniselo zokuqala zisusela emva kowe-1904. Amandla e-geothermal namhlanje adlala indima yesibini kwinqanaba lehlabathi, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba iindawo ezithile zehlabathi kuphela zixhamla kwimithombo ebalulekileyo ye-geothermal.Iiteknoloji ezintsha, ezifanai-enthalpy ephantsiizityalo ze-geothermal, nangona kunjalo, zingakwazi ukwandisa ngokuphawulekayo inani lamazwe afanelekileyo kuphuhliso lwamandla e-geothermal.

Ukukhula okukhulu kwamandla elanga nawomoya

Amandla eSolar photovoltaic, njengamandla omoya, ngumlinganiswa ophambili wenguqu yamandla eyenzekayo ngoku.Ngelixa kude kube yiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo indima yayo yayithathwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo, namhlanje ikhula ngokukhawuleza: amandla e-photovoltaic ehlabathi anyuke ukusuka kwi-40 GW ngo-2010 ukuya kwi-580 GW ngo-2019. ngokukodwa kwicandelo lezinto zenzululwazi, ezenze izityalo ze-photovoltaic zikhuphisana ngezoqoqosho ngamafutha e-fossil.Ngokwe-Arhente yaMandla aVuselelekayo yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IRENA), iindleko zokuvelisa umbane kwi-photovoltaics ziye zawa ngama-82% kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo.Kwaye imbonakalo ithembisa ngakumbi: ngetekhnoloji yesizukulwana samva nje, kuya kwenzeka ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweepaneli zelanga ngama-30% xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba anamhlanje kunye nemveliso ngaphezulu kwe-20%.

Itekhnoloji nayo yenze imitsi emikhulu kakhulu phambili kwicandelo leamandla omoya: namhlanje iiinjini zomoya zinokufikelela kuma-200 eemitha ububanzi kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba ziya kwanda nangakumbi.Ukunyuka kwemveliso kuye kwehlisa iindleko nakweli meko: ukusuka ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2019 iindleko zokuvelisa amandla omoya elunxwemeni zehle ngama-39% kunye ne-offshore yehle ngama-29%.Isiphumo ibe kukukhula okumangalisayo: umthamo uwonke weefama zomoya elunxwemeni ukhule ukusuka kwi-178 GW ngo-2010 ukuya kuma-594 GW ngo-2019.Izityalo ezingaselunxwemenisibone ukwanda kancinci nge-28 GW efakwe ngo-2019, kodwa amandla okukhula makhulu kakhulu.

Ubuchwephesha obukhulayo: amandla olwandle, i-hydrogen kunye nokugcinwa

Phakathi kweyona mithombo ithembisayo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwixesha elizayo ziilwandle neelwandle zethu, ezinamandla amakhulu: eyona ndlela icacileyo yokuvelisa umbane kukusebenzisa amandla aveliswa kukushukuma kwamaza, kodwa enye indlela kukusebenzisa amandla. amaza, ngenzuzo yokuba oku kunokuxelwa kwangaphambili ngokuchanekileyo.Ezinye iindlela zibandakanya ezo zisekwe kumahluko wobushushu phakathi kwamanzi angaphezulu kunye namanzi anzulu okanye ngokusekwe kumahluko wetyuwa kubuninzi bamanzi ahlukeneyo.Itekhnoloji yokuxhaphaza le mithombo ayikakhuli ngokwaneleyo ukuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kwezorhwebo, kodwa ezinye izityalo zovavanyo kunye neeprototypes sele zenziwe kwaye zivelise iziphumo ezilungileyo, ngakumbi ezo zimalunga namandla amaza kunye namandla olwandle.Ikhono lethiyori liqikelelwa kwi-700 GW kunye ne-200 GW, ngokulandelanayo.

Omnye umthombo ofanele ukukhankanywaihydrogen, ongeyena umthombo wamandla kodwa kunokuba i-vector yamandla, ukuba i-extraction yayo inikwe amandla ngokuhlaziywa, i-100% eluhlaza.Igalelo layo linokuba luncedo ngakumbi ekwenzeni amacandelo ekunzima ukuwafaka umbane, afana noshishino olunzima, ukuthutha, ukuhamba ngeenqwelomoya kunye nokuthutha ezindleleni, ezizinzileyo.Itekhnoloji ye-hydrogen isekwinqanaba lokuqala kwaye ayikakulungeli ukusetyenziswa kwinqanaba lezorhwebo, kodwa xa kuthelekiswa nobunye ubugcisa, ixesha elifunekayo lokulungiselela le teknoloji yokukhutshwa komgangatho omkhulu lifutshane kakhulu.

Ukugcinwa kwamandlaIinkqubo nazo ziyakudlala indima eqinisekileyo kuba ziyimfuneko ukuhlawulela uphazamiseko lwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo efana nelanga nomoya.Ngokwembali, eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yogcino yayizizityalo zamandla ombane ezimpontshwayo, kodwa inkqubela yetekhnoloji yangoku ibone uphuhliso olukhulu lweebhetri, ngakumbi iibhetri ze-lithium ion, ezinokufumaneka ngokuzimeleyo kuyo nayiphi na indawo.Ukusasazwa kwezityalo zokugcina amandla kusenomda kodwa kukhula ngokukhawuleza ukubulela, kule meko ngokunjalo, ukuqhubela phambili kwizinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezihlala ziphucula umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kweebhetri kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zabo zokuvelisa.Xa ugcino lwamandla ludityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwiigridi zombane, izityalo zamandla ezihlaziyiweyo ezingapheliyo ziya kukwazi ukondla amandla azivelisayo kwigridi nangaliphi na ixesha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimeko zomoya: kuya kuba nako ukufezekisa umxube wokuvelisa umbane ngokupheleleyo. akukho kukhutshwa.Ikamva elingekho kude kangako.

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